New Issue Of New Federalism - 1682 Words

New Federalism is known as commitment to returning powers to the state governments. Proposed by President Ronald Reagan, who believed federal grants were just a scandal of imposing the federal interests on the states. Reagan believed that federal government would allow a more efficient government within the states and the nation. This reminded America of the main point now of the 10th amendment that because the states are created under the the federal government, it should work for the states, and not be overpowered. New Federalism is also known as Competitive Federalism due consent struggle of the national and local government trying to be â€Å"equal.† Many states liked the idea of New Federalism because new grants were given to states with less restrictions and states and they were given a choice on how to spend these grants. With this concept, many laws were made in order to enforce this New Federalism: the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 disallowed Congress from passing federal programs or services without consulting states on how they would be funded. The Devolution Revolution in 1994, a movement led by former House Representative, Newt Gingrich, and by republicans who desired to scale back the federal government though campaigning. Overall with this time period, including now, we see how Ronald Reagan wanted to cease national government power through the Supreme Court and appointed justices in the 1980s that would be dedicated to returning power to the states. ThisShow MoreRelatedAssess The Significance Of Federalism In The USA Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assess the significance of federalism in the USA Federalism involves the sharing of powers between different levels of government. In the United States this relates to the government at national level (the federal government) and those at the level of the state. The United Kingdom is not a federal state instead it is a unitary state where power is held in one place (parliament). Federalism is the process of sharing power between a central government, in America’s case Washington, and the StatesRead MoreThe Federal Vs. State1058 Words   |  5 Pagesshould hold. Do you feel like dual federalism gives the states too much power? Do you feel like cooperative federalism was bad because there was no distinction between the federal government and the state government? Do you think that categorical grants are better than block grants because the money has a more specific purpose? From 1789 to 1937, most fundamental powers were distinctive between the federal and state governments. The main problem with dual federalism was that states did most of theRead MoreThe Evolution of Federalism990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of the Constitution American federalism has changed drastically since its genesis. In 1776 the thirteen colonies adopted the Articles of Confederation in order to coordinate their efforts in the war for independence. The Articles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obviousRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Federalism981 Words   |  4 Pages The Evolution of Federalism American federalism has changed drastically since its genesis. In 1776 the thirteen colonies adopted the Articles of Confederation in order to coordinate their efforts in the war for independence. The Articles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obviousRead More Evolving Federalism Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pages Evolving Federalism Pre-Class Assignment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Federalism by definition is the division of power between a central government and its participating members. How that power is divided is the subjective aspect of federalism that was before the framers of the United States. Through compromise and necessity the seeds for a strong central government were planted alongside already strong state governments. Over time the seeds for strong central government grew; wars, economicRead MoreFederalism, An Effective Form Of Government Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pages2016 1289 Federalism, an Effective Form of Government The United States of America is commonly known as a democracy and when asked most people could easily define what a democracy is. America is also rooted in the principle of federalism. It’s reasonable to assume that far less people could offer up a definition of federalism as easily as we could for democracy even though its arguable that federalism is a key component of the United States government. Simply put, the principle of federalism is theRead MoreFederalism Vs. Cooperative Federalism1469 Words   |  6 PagesRight now the current form of Federalism that the United States uses today is called New Federalism, or Cooperative Federalism. Cooperative Federalism was created as a political model around 1937 that emphasized â€Å"teamwork† between the National and State governments. This was created to ensure that both governments would work together in order to provide services more efficiently in the Nation. This is why Cooperative Federalism is appealing to this day and still exercised, because the U.S. has stillRead MoreDifferences Between Dual Federalism And Cooperative Federalism969 Words   |  4 Pagesdual federalism and cooperative federalism? Be sure to fully address what federalism is and why it was created. 1000 words. Dual federalism is a term used to describe a circumstance in which national and state governments are sovereign and equal within their constitutionally allocated spheres of authority. Federalism is a concept that refers to a system of government in which power is shared between the national and non-national governments. Cooperative Federalism is a model of federalism in whichRead More Federalism From Its Beginning To The Present Essay643 Words   |  3 Pages From its early beginning in the minds of the Framers of the Constitution to its state today. The United States system of federalism has changed greatly through landmark court decisions, congressional decisions, and strong presidential influence. The next few paragraphs will go through the history of federalism in the United States. The Federal System began when the Framers wrote the Constitution. The Constitution set up the basic outline of the federal system. This system divided the powers betweenRead MoreFederalism Is A Key Component Of How The United States Government Operates Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesFederalism is a key component of how the United States government operates. Many countries now are a federalist form of government. The definition of federalism is a governmental system in which national and regional governments share powers, and are considered independent equals (Smith and Greenblatt 29). Many countries now use a federalist system of government. The United States version of federalism was enacted with the Constitution in 1787, and has evolved in different ways since then. Before

Should The Sale Of Organs Become Legalized - 1494 Words

Should the Sale of organs become legalized? Organ donation is the process of giving an organ or a part of an organ for the purpose of transplantation into another person. However in the United States an average of twenty one people die each day waiting for transplants due to shortages of donated organs according to the Government run website Organdoner.gov. It s not as though the others will eventually get kidneys if they just wait, sustained in the meantime by dialysis. In the next year, nearly four thousand of those patients will die waiting. At least twelve hundred others will eventually end up off the list because they develop complications that make them too sick to withstand a transplant. Unfortunately for transplant patients that number continues to rise today, data and graphs on the governments’ website show us falling farther and farther behind on donations. If True justice would say that everyone has an equal right to live. In order to maintain this justice, Society must have an obligation to ensure that every race, culture, ethnicity or economical background has equal access to medical benefits. So is there an alternative solution to this growing crisis? One main alternative is the presumed consent system that is in place in a few countries around the world. Presumed consent is known as an opt-out system and means that unless the deceased has expressed a wish in life not to be an organ donor then consent will be assumed and their organs will be donated.Show MoreRelatedShould Human Organs for Sale?1685 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN ORGANS FOR SALE Should the sales of human organs be legally or not, it is quite difficult to find a satisfied answer to this controversial question at the moment. Although a large number of articles were written, numerous speeches were made, countless meetings were hold to discuss about this matter but until now it is still a big controversy issue all over the world. Thanks to the steadily development of scientist, technology and medicine treatment, nowadays human organ can be transplantedRead MoreShould Human Organs for Sale?1699 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN ORGANS FOR SALE Should the sales of human organs be legally or not, it is quite difficult to find a satisfied answer to this controversial question at the moment. Although a large number of articles were written, numerous speeches were made, countless meetings were hold to discuss about this matter but until now it is still a big controversy issue all over the world. Thanks to the steadily development of scientist, technology and medicine treatment, nowadays human organ can be transplantedRead MoreEssay on Organ Sales1478 Words   |  6 PagesOrgan Sales: Legalize for the Greater Good Every day, numerous people across the world stop their lives for four hours to get hooked up to a dialysis machine at a hospital nearby. This machine helps to remove harmful wastes, toxins, excess salt, and water from their body because unfortunately their body cannot do so for them. These people wait on a list until they can one day receive a kidney transplant because kidney failure has resulted in their body not being able to clean their blood properlyRead MoreLegalizing the Sale of Human Organs1071 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing the sale of human organs has become a very controversial topic in the last few decades. Transplant surgeries were becoming relatively safe to preform, which lead the transplant list to grow rapidly. The debate on how to increment the number of organs available for transplant commenced. Currently organ donations were solely dependent upon cadaveric donors and family members. This shortage has engendered an ebony market for organs sales. People are pereg rinating across the country to haveRead MoreImplicit Concerns For The Legalization Of The Organ Sale1347 Words   |  6 PagesImplicit Concerns for the Legalization of the Organ Sale With the increasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets have become more rampant. Under such circumstances, the public debate over whether the government should legalize the sale of living human organs is fiercer. In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, she states that the government should legalize the sale of organs, since the legalization would benefit both the sellers and the buyers. MoreoverRead MoreIs Organ Sale Not Banned For Many Years?1105 Words   |  5 PagesImagine someone that you hold dearly about to die because of a terrible organ problem and that person needs an organ to be alive, you can’t donate your organs, what will you do? There are a lot of people throughout the world that at this moment are waiting for an organ to be donated to them, however not many people will do it because they are either scared that they one day need it or that they might suffer during the process. Organ sale has been banned for many years because of a lot of reasons that weRead MoreLegalizing The Sale Of Human Organs1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets become more rampant. Under such circumstances, should the government legalize the sale of living human organs? In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, after analyzing from both receivers’ and donors’ perspectives deliberately, she makes her own credibility to conclude that since there are potential donors and potential sellers that have a strong eager to trade kidneys, legalizing the sale of human organs would bringRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Rights1444 Words   |  6 PagesSince the first successful organ transplant was performed, the life-changing procedure that has saved thousands of lives has become a much desired route for those in need of a new organ. The unfortunate scenario in most cases is that someone needs to die in order for another to live. With voluntary organ donors now growing in numbers upon their own death, there is still a high demand for organs that is not being met to the satisfaction of many patients who are on a waiting list. When the subjectRead MoreLegalize the Sale of Human Organs956 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize the Sale of Human Organs Compensation for the donation of human organs should be legalized for medical use. Medical surgeons everywhere are calling the government to have them legalize the sale of organs for transplants; allowing people to sell their organs would help people by meeting their financial expenses, solve the lack of supply, save many lives, and get control of the black market. Compensation for donating bone marrow is legalized, so why not organs? There has been a hugeRead MoreThe Black Market Exploiting The Donor1745 Words   |  7 PagesProposing a Solution to the Black Market Exploiting the Donor: Legalizing the Sale of Human Organs, In Hopes of Putting the Black Market Out of Business Right now in the U.S. even with all the advanced technology, there are more than 120,000 people currently on the UNOS organ transplant waiting list. With the wait being so long for an organ, people have become desperate in order to save their life. With this number being so large, it is hard to believe that there is a new name added to the list

Where I Lived, and What I Lived for Free Essays

In the â€Å"Where I Lived, and What I Lived for† chapter of Walden, Thoreau emphasized that people need to make life simple and slow because it eventually helps you know your real goal and realize the true meaning of life. He begins with his own story –he imagines that he works at farms as a farmer and he cares for seeds in succession. We will write a custom essay sample on Where I Lived, and What I Lived for or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thinks his farms will bring happiness because all sessions for cultivation are naturally accomplished. However, his imagination ends up with his real financial situation. He wants to buy farms not minding his profit margin but enjoying his time with seeds. However, the owner turns down his proposal because his reason was hardly accepted in modern times where people give importance to wealth. After this experience living in a house in the woods, he feels a natural spirit and he glorifies the beauty of nature. He developed his feeling for nature after he realizes that people should be awakened –â€Å"[They] must learn to reawaken and keep [them] selves awake, not by mechanical aids, but by an infinite expectation of the dawn†. He also came to know why people are so busy and why they work as hard as â€Å"ants† It is because people seem to set count on economical value but people do not know what they really want. According to his examples, there is a railroad which can effectively reduce time between places. At the same time, we could lose our landscape to see. So, he describes a railroad that â€Å"We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us†. Therefore, he criticizes that â€Å"fast† seems to be effective but it brings wrong judgment and lose our opportunity. He mentions that our society is pressured to â€Å"hurry† for our life to be successful. However, he thinks that our society now is complicated and dangerous because we do not have ideas of â€Å"slow† and â€Å"simple† to reflect ourselves. All in all, he states that we need time to be â€Å"slow† and â€Å"simple† for our clever intelligent life. This is his obvious viewpoints – â€Å"Let us spend one day as deliberately as Nature, and not be thrown off the track†. How to cite Where I Lived, and What I Lived for, Papers

Islamic Art Is Intended To Suggest But Not To Portray The Divine Presence Essay Example For Students

Islamic Art Is Intended To Suggest But Not To Portray The Divine Presence Essay Islamic art is unlike the art of many other cultures. The main reason for this difference is that the subjects of Islamic art are strictly controlled by the religious beliefs held by Muslims. Any Muslim artist must work within strict guidelines, largely set out in the Quran, when producing any work of art. These guidelines define what is acceptable as a subject for a work of art and also the form that any work of art may take. The forms of art that are deemed acceptable and their symbolism give an indication of the intention of Islamic art. I will attempt to show through examples of different types of Islamic art that the intention of Islamic art is merely to suggest and not to portray the divine presence. The Prophet Muhammad made several comments concerning art God is Beautiful and Loves Beauty (Muhammad), he also said God likes that when you do anything, you do it excellently. (Muhammad). These Prophetic sayings (hadiths) among other things may have provided the driving force for Muslims desire to embellish and beautify not only their places of worship, but also their homes and even objects commonly used in everyday life. The main focus of Islamic art appears to be on ornamentation rather than art for arts sake, whereas the focus of art in other religious frameworks has quite often moved away from ornamentation and towards art for arts sake. The principles of Islam mean that certain types of art are prohibited for religious reasons. Firstly, any portrayal of God is strictly forbidden as Muslims believe that God should be the subject of worship, not his physical manifestation. Hence, any physical representation of God could be seen as worship of Gods manifestation. This would be seen as a form of idolatry which is strictly forbidden by the Quran God does not forgive the worship of others beside Him though He does forgive whoever He will for lesser sins for whoever does this has gone far, far astray (4:116). Islam as a religion is strongly opposed to any form of idolatry as it supplanted pagan religions that were based on idolatry. One of the Prophet Muhammads most famous acts was the casting out of the idols from the Kaaba in Mecca in the year 630AD. As Muslims attempt to follow the example of the prophet Muhammad in their lives they too cast out any form of idolatry from their lives. The practice of giving God characteristics of his creation by portraying him in any physical sense in art falls into the category of shirk in al-Asma was-Sifat (the Names and Attributes of God). Shirk is one of the greatest sins in Islam as it suggests the worship of something other than the one true God. Hence any form of art that represents a manifestation of God is inherently forbidden by Islamic beliefs. This rule also applies for representations of the prophet Muhammad. In any picture where the Prophet is portrayed either his face is veiled or he is illustrated as a cloud of flames so it can be seen that Muhammad is not a subject of worship. Were he to be portrayed in paintings etc. the focus of worship could be drawn away from God and, in the eyes of the Muslim community, wrongly focused on Muhammad and this would be another example of shirk. Secondly, Muslims believe that artists should not try to rival the creator, therefore representations of animals, plants or humans in Islamic art are heavily stylised and realism is completely shunned. .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .postImageUrl , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:hover , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:visited , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:active { border:0!important; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:active , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Abstract Art EssayAlmost all paintings in Islamic art are completely two dimensional with no attempt to include perspective to add a suggestion of depth within the painting; this is to completely avoid what could be interpreted as an imitation of real life and therefore an attempt to rival the creator. Sculpture is also extremely rare in Islamic art as the three dimensional nature of sculpture and the fact that the most common subjects of sculpture are humans or animals imply an attempt to rival Gods work. This is forbidden as it suggests that the work of Man could rival that of God. The central concept of the Islam faith is the unity and Oneness of God (Tahwid). This concept is difficult to express visually, but Islamic art suggests this concept through its use of style and form. In particular the geometric patterns in Islamic art reflect those seen in nature and this helps to highlight the presence of order and law within nature and thus the all-pervading presence of God throughout nature. In this way geometric patterns in Islamic art help to suggest the divine presence. One of the most prevalent forms of Islamic art is calligraphy, in particular calligraphy of the verses of the Quran. This is because the word of the Quran is seen as the visible body of the divine word and hence is of the utmost importance to Muslims. Most mosques are decorated with verses from the Quran. Using verses of the Quran as decoration ensures that only the divine word of God is being worshipped, not a representation of God Himself. The fact that verses of the Quran are so frequently seen by Muslims as they are used as decoration also serves as a reminder that God is always close to Muslims, hence using verses of the Quran as decoration serves to suggest the divine presence of God, without directly portraying it. Some copies of the Quran itself can be viewed as pieces of art. The calligraphy of verses of the Quran can be very elaborate as the Arabic language lends itself to calligraphy very well. The pages of the Quran are also often decorated with geometric and arabesque motifs. Geometric and arabesque design are prolific in Islamic art, these styles of design are the most common styles to be found within mosques. The geometric designs found in Islamic art are based on simple geometric shapes, circles, triangles, squares and other regular polygons. These simple shapes are then put together to make elaborate repeating patterns. These elaborate repeating patterns often incorporate stylised representations of plants or animals within their designs. The incorporation of plants and animals within the designs may serve to remind Muslims of the unity of creation. The repeating geometric patterns of these designs are governed by mathematical laws and this reflects the feeling that Islamic art is a manifestation of a law expressing unity and continuity; thus the inclusion of plants and animals within the design reminds Muslims that the same law applies to all creation. To Muslims when these forms are taken together they make up an infinite pattern that symbolises the infinite and therefore non-centralised nature of Gods creation. This feeling of infinity regarding Gods creation promotes the feeling of Gods omnipresence and in this way the geometric and arabesque styles found in Islamic art suggest rather than portray the divine presence. The architecture of Islam is yet another tool that the Muslim artist uses to suggest the divine presence of God. The most obvious example of the architecture of Islam is the architecture of mosques. The architecture of mosques reflects geometry found in nature, they display simple geometric forms found in nature. The design of almost all mosques is based on the Prophets mosque at Medina and hence most mosques have a very similar structure; in general they are rectangular with a large dome and a tall tower known as the minaret. The inside of the mosque contains a large open prayer room and within this room on the Qiblah wall that faces Mecca is a niche known as the mithrab. .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .postImageUrl , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:hover , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:visited , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:active { border:0!important; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:active , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clip Art EssayThe mithrab although usually empty is often the most decorated part of the mosque. It is usually decorated with geometric and arabesque motifs and as well as calligraphic verses from the Quran. The most noticeable feature of a mosque is the emptiness of the interior space, this emptiness is supposed to remind Muslims in the mosque of the emptiness of the desert and the purity of the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad. The emptiness is intended to lead Muslims towards an intuition of the nearness of God and hence the architecture of the mosque serves to suggest the divine presence of God. It is clear from the guidelines surrounding Islamic art as well as the styles employed by Muslim artists that Islamic art is intended to suggest rather than portray the divine presence. One of the most fundamental rules concerning Islamic art is that God himself must not be portrayed; this is clear evidence that it is not the intention of Islamic art to portray the divine presence. The principles that underpin almost all Islamic art are the principles of unity and continuity. The themes of unity and continuity are ever-present within the motifs and geometric designs that are such a large part of Islamic art. These principles quite clearly reflect the Muslim beliefs concerning the unity of God and hence show that the intention of Islamic art is to suggest the divine presence. Thus it can be seen that Islamic art is intended to suggest but not to portray the divine presence.

NURS 241 Health Assessment Validation Notes Essays - Cranial Nerves

NURS 241: Health Assessment Validation Notes Vital sign should be taken for 5 Minutes General Survey Physical Appearance: What is your name? Can you state your age? Do you know where you are? Patient has stated her age Her level of consciousness is alert and oriented x 4 Her skin color is intact and even Her facial features are symmetric She is female Body Structure: Her statue appears appropriate for her age For nutrition, her weight appear to be appropriate for her height and body build Her body structure is symmetric and bilateral to each other Her posture is erect Her position was relaxed on the chair Mobility: Her gait is smooth, even and well balanced She did not use any form of assistive device. Behavior: Her facial expression is appropriate to the situation Her speech is within normal limits; there is no repeating of words or fleet of ideas Her dressing is appropriate for the season Her personal hygiene is clean and well groomed Her mood and affect is pleasant and not flat Cranial Nerve Cranial nerve 1: Olfactory: Sensory: Test of smell Ask the patient to compress one side of the nose at a time and sniff: To check for nasal patency Ask the patient to close their eye Ask the patient to occlude one nostril at a time and ask them what do they smell Cranial Nerve 2: Optic: Sensory: Visual Acuity and Visual fields I have previously tested for my patient's visual acuity using the Snellen Chart It is 20/20 without corrective lenses Testing for visual fields using the confrontational test. Up and Down Cranial Nerve 3: Oculomotor Motor: PERRLA: Extra ocular Movement Going to test for PERRLA. First I would perform the direct and consensual eye movement Performing Accommodation by moving the penlight near. The pupil are equal, round, reactive to light and accommodate Next I would test for cranial nerve 3, 4- which is trochlear and 6- which is Abducens, using the extra ocular movement. Cranial 4- is an inferior medial eye movement Cranial 6- is medial eye movement Perform the corneal light reflex by shining light on the breach of the nose. If there was an abnormality I would person the cover/uncover test. Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal: Sensory: Sensation of skin of face: Use a cotton and touch the forehead, checks and chin Motor: Palpate the temporal and masseter muscle Ask the patient to clench their jaw and try to separate it Cranial Nerve 7: Facial Sensory: Put sugar in their mouth and ask what did you taste. Taste on the 2/3 anterior of the tongue Motor: Ask the patient to raise their eyebrows, show their teeth, smile, puff out their checks, close their eye tightly Cranial Nerve 8: Acoustic Sensory: Perform the whisper test. By whispering Samford and Nursing by asking them to occlude their ear and whispering the words Perform the Weber test. Ask the patient if they can hear in both ears. Perform the Rinne test. Air conduction is greater than bone conduction. Cranial Nerve 9: Glossopharyngeal: Sensory: Taste in posterior 1/3 of the tongue Motor: Is testing gag reflex by stimulating the posterior pharyngeal wall. Cranial Nerve 10:Vagus Motor: Open your mouth and say "AH". I will watch the uvula rise and fall symmetrically. Cranial Nerve 11: Spinal Accessory Motor: Shrug should movement against resistance. Shrug your head against resistance Both muscle 5/5 in strength Cranial Nerve 12: Hypoglossal Motor: Ask the patient to protrude their tongue and push their tongue to their checks. Neurological System: Motor/Coordination: I have already assessed the my patient gait in general survey Rapid alternating movement: touching your finger against each other and turning your hand in your thighs Point to Point Movement: finger to nose touching and heel to shin by moving your leg on your other leg Romberg test: put your hand out and your legs together for 20 seconds Tandem Walking: put your leg in front of the other leg Shallow Knee Bend: bend down a little Sensory Pain and light touch: do it on your hand and leg Position sense: pull the hand up and down than ask the patient whether it is up and down. Do it on the hand and leg Vibration Sensation: Use the turning folk vibration place it on the hand and leg and ask where she feels the vibration Discriminative Sensation: Stereognosis: place something in her hand and ask what are you holding Graphesthesia: write a number on her hand and ask what is the number in both arms. 3 and 5 Two point Discrimination: touch a part of the body and ask where you touched. Both the hand and leg Point localization:

The Five Big Reasons to Earn an MBA Degree

The Five Big Reasons to Earn an MBA Degree An Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree  is a type of business degree offered through business schools and graduate-level programs at colleges and universities. An MBA can be earned after you have obtained a bachelors degree or the equivalent. Most students earn their MBA from a full-time, part-time, accelerated, or executive program. There are many reasons people decide to earn a degree. Most of them are tied in some way to career advancement, career change, a desire to lead, higher earnings, or genuine interest. Lets explore each of these reasons in turn. (When youre finished, be sure to check out the three main  reasons why you shouldnt get an MBA.) Because You Want to Advance Your Career Although it may be possible to climb the ranks over the years, there are some careers that require an MBA for advancement. A few examples include areas of finance and banking as well as consultancy. Furthermore, there are also some companies that will not promote employees who do not continue or improve education through an MBA program. Earning an MBA does not guarantee career advancement, but it certainly doesnt hurt employment or promotion prospects. Because You Want to Change Careers If you are interested in changing careers, switching industries, or making yourself a marketable employee in a variety of fields, an MBA degree can help you do all three. While enrolled in an MBA program, you will have the opportunity to learn general business and management expertise that can be applied to nearly any industry. You may also get the chance to specialize in a particular area of business, such as accounting, finance, marketing, or human resources. Specializing in one area will prepare you to work in that field after graduation regardless of your undergraduate degree or previous work experience.   Because You Want to Assume a Leadership Role Not every business leader or executive has an MBA. However, it may be easier to assume or be considered for leadership roles if you have an MBA education behind you. While enrolled in an MBA program, you will study leadership, business, and management philosophies that can be applied to almost any leadership role. Business school may also give you hands-on experience leading study groups, classroom discussions, and school organizations.  The experiences that you have in an MBA program can even help you develop entrepreneurial capabilities that might allow you to start your own company. It is not uncommon for business school students to start their own entrepreneurial venture alone or with other students in their second or third year of an MBA program.   Because You Want to Earn More Money Earning money is the reason why most people go to work. Money is also the primary reason why some people go to graduate school to obtain more higher education. Its no secret that MBA degree holders tend to have higher earnings than people with a lesser undergraduate degree. According to some reports, average MBAs earn  50 percent more after earning their degree than they did before earning their degree. An MBA degree doesnt guarantee higher earnings - there is no guarantee for that, but it certainly wont hurt your chances of earning more than you do now.   Because You Are Truly Interested in Studying Business One of the best reasons to get an MBA is because you are truly interested in studying business administration. If you enjoy the topic and feel like you can increase your knowledge and expertise, pursuing an MBA for the simple sake of getting an education is probably a worthy goal.

Summarize Political Leadership Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summarize Political Leadership Readings - Essay Example Third dynamics is the changing shape of the political regimes, which links presidents past and present at parallel junctures in "political time". This third dynamic is the point of departure for our investigation. The dominant coalition operates the federal government and perpetuates its position through the development of a distinctive set of institutional arrangements and approaches to public policy questions. Conflicts among interest within the dominant coalition threaten to cause political disaffection and may weaken regime support. As the nation changes, the regime's traditional approach to problems appear increasingly outmoded. The government it dominates appears increasingly hostaged to sectarian interests with myopic concerns, insufferable demands, and momentary loyalties. The longer a regime survives, the more it becomes encumbered and distorted, and becomes less competent in addressing the manifest governing demands. One can distinguish many different political contexts for presidential leadership within a given historical period. Leadership situations might be characterized by the president's posture vis--vis the dominant political coalition. Leadership situation might be differentiated according to political time, that is, when in a regime sequence the president engages the political institutional order. This changing relationship between the p... First, the presidents who traditionally make the historians' roster of America's greatest came to power in an abrupt break from a long-established political-institutional regime. Each led a movement of new political forces into control of the federal government. Second, after the initial break with the past and the consolidation of a new system of government control, a general decline in the political effectiveness of regime insiders is notable. Taking different regimes into account simultaneously, this essay will group presidents together on the basis of the parallel positions they hold in political time. The analysis focuses on three pairs of presidents drawn from the New Deal and Jacksonian regimes. All were Democrats and thus affiliated with the dominant coalition of their respective periods. Each aspired to great national leadership. Coming to power on the displacement of an old ruling coalition, these presidents became mired in remarkably similar political struggles. Although separated by more than a century of history, they both faced the distinctive challenge of constructing a new regime. Leadership became a matter of securing the political and institutional infrastructure of a new governmental order. All six of these presidents had to grapple with the erosion of political support that inevitably comes with executive action. New economic and social conflicts had been festering in the US since the financial panic of 1819, but Jackson's campaign gained its special meaning from the confusion and outrage unleashed by the election of 1824. In that election, the Congressional Caucus collapsed as the engine of national political unity, and the once monolithic

Materials selection for made umbrella Coursework

Materials selection for made umbrella - Coursework Example Other parts include the spring, the runner and the finial or ferrule. This paper will discuss the materials suitable for making the pole or shaft, the canopy, and the ribs. The pole is the metallic or wooden shaft that connects the handle to the canopy. The shaft should be strong enough to withstand different forces such as part of the weight of the user (if used as a walking stick), and to avoid breaking during windy conditions. The shaft of the umbrella should be rust resistant as it commonly gets into contact with rain water. The shaft should also be made of a material that is light so that the overall weight of the umbrella is bearable. One material that is suitable for use in making the umbrella shaft is aluminium. Aluminium is more suitable for use as an umbrella shaft compared to steel, wood and other materials for several reasons. First, compared to wood, it is not affected by moisture making it suitable during rainy days (Ashby, Rayner, & Hunkin 2012). It also does not rot or gets eaten by pests such as termites, and it can withstand changes in temperature without bending or loosing shape. Compared to steel, it is light in weight and is not su bject to rust, making it more durable and long-lasting (Ashby, Rayner, & Hunkin 2012). In terms of cost, aluminium is relatively inexpensive and readily available. The canopy is the part of the umbrella that serves to keep away the rain or shield the user from sunshine. The canopy should be made of a light material that is foldable. The materials should also be washable if its get dirty. The material used to make the canopy should not be one that gets easily destroyed by water or ultraviolet rays. Most important is that the material should be water proof so that the user does not get wet in the rain. One material that is suitable for use in making the canopy is the canopy is nylon taffeta. Nylon is water proof and more durable compared to cotton and other materials

Classmate review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classmate review - Essay Example In terms of market value total, Lowe’s is valued at over 66 billion dollars, which his a little under half the valuation of Home Depot. All other competitors are valued at less than 20 percent of Lowe’s. In early 2015, Lowe’s growth rate was 23.5 percent compared to 19.4 percent for Home Depot (Zacks.com, 2015). Since 2009, Lowe’s has increased revenue by eight million dollars, doubled earnings per share, almost tripled return on equity and increased cash flow and return on assets (S&P Capital IQ, 2015). Since Lowe’s outlook is directly linked to the housing market and economy, the opportunity for growth has improved over the past 18 months. As of June 30th, BMO Capital upgraded Lowe’s from market perform to outperform, and stated the Lowe’s stock is 45 percent higher than the lowest point over the last 52 weeks (Brian, 2015). Additionally, Lowe’s financial position has increased over the past six years, which was also during the late stage of the housing crash and eventual rebound. Improvement during those times provides optimism for the current economic situation. Lowe’s is a three-star ranking, an A- in the earnings and dividends rank, has low volatility, and bearish but is only a 31 percent in terms of relative strength. Given the increased housing market, financial position, and economic outlook, Lowe’s is predicted to increase earnings and appears to be a solid investment opportunity. Brian, C. (2015). Upgrade Alert for Lowes (LOW)." SmarTrend Market Maven 30 June 2015. Business Insights: Global. Web. 2 July 2015. Retrieved from http://bi.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/global/article/GALE|A419930355/876418cde7877f9275adfcadbfe58b3a?u=vic_liberty The writer had enough emphasis on the type of business Lowe Companies, Inc. do. There was also mention of the competitors that the company

The Properties Of Foreigner Talk

The Properties Of Foreigner Talk Describe the properties of â€Å"foreigner talk† and discuss its role in L2 learning. In your discussion, be sure to include supporting examples for foreigner talk and discuss them in light of Krashens Input Hypothesis (1985) and Longs Interaction Hypothesis (1981, 1983a, 1996). Particular over the past two decades, related work on input comprehensibility has focused on the nature of the linguistic environment available to learners and its relationship to Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Recent work has taken as basic the notion that conversational interaction in a second language (L2) forms the basis for L2 development rather than being only a forum for practice of specific language features (Wagner-Gouch Hatch, 1975; cited in Schorkhuber, 2007). In fact, some contemporary studies have shifted the focus to an examination of the learners linguistic environment which is the target language available to the learner and how it affects the learning process. It has been observed that native speakers (NSs) adjust their speech in conversation with non-native speakers (NNSs) in multiple ways. This modified register has been termed ‘foreigner talk (FT) by Charles Ferguson (1975). He (1975) asserts that foreigner talk is the reduced and simplified version of a language that native speakers use to address other speakers for whom the language is not a native one, especially speakers who do not know the language at all. Due to the similarities between this type of speech and the speech that is usually directed at children, it is also sometimes called baby talk (e.g., Ferguson 1971). According to him, foreigner talk is the basis of the emergence of pidgin and Creole. It is also suggested that foreigner talk promotes learning as well as communication with the learner. In general, foreigner talk adjustments reveal speech patterns that would not ordinarily be used in conversations with NSs (Gass Selinker, 2001:261). Instead, Gass and Selinker (2001) claim that foreigner talk shares features in common with young children speech. According to Ferguson (1975), in phonology, it is characterise by a slow rate of delivery, loudness, clear articulation, pauses, emphatic stress and exaggerated pronunciation. In lexis, it is characterised by occasional use of words from other languages, substitutions of items by synonyms, or paraphrases, use of high frequency words and few idioms (Chaudron, 1979; cited in Tarone, 1980 ). In syntax, modification is presented through repetitions, elaborations, omissions and fill in the blank for learners incomplete utterances. In discourse, foreigner talk involves restating wh-questions as yes-no or or-choice questions, and so on (Hatch, 1979; cited in Tarone, 1980). Examples (1) and (2) show some of the characteristics of fo reigner talk: (1) NNS: How have increasing food costs changed your eating habits? NS : Well, we dont eat as much beef as we used to. We eat more chicken, and uh, pork and uh, fish, things like that. NNS: Pardon me? NS : We dont eat as much beef as we used to. We eat more chicken and uh, uh pork and fishWe dont eat beef very often. We dont have steak like weused to. NNS: Oh, okay. (2) NS : What classes are you taking at 10 oclock? NNS: Sorry? 10 clock? NS : What classes at 10 oclock? NNS: 10 oclock, classes, uhScience. From the examples above, the functions of foreigner talk can be detected quite effortlessly where in example (1), NS repeated and elaborated more fully the statement once the NNS indicated a lack of understanding in order to provide the NNS a comprehensible input. Likewise, NS practiced repetition in example (2) but in a more simplified form. Moreover, clue was provided to the NNS that 10 clock supposedly should be said as 10 oclock. Therefore, the comprehension of the NNS was again aided. Essentially, input is seen as a highly important factor in acquisition in many approaches to SLA. Krashens Input Hypothesis, which largely predated Universal Grammar approaches to SLA research, continues to make the strongest claim about the role of the linguistic environment in SLA. It states that L2 input must both be comprehensible and be at a stage slightly beyond the learners previously acquired linguistic competence (i+1) in order to be acquired (Krashen, 1982; cited in Schorkhuber, 2007). In brief, within Krashens framework, if input is understood, the necessary grammar is automatically provided; however, if input is not comprehensible, it cannot serve acquisition at all. That is to say, comprehensible input that occurred in the examples above, delivered in affective filter situation, is held to be not only a necessary condition for acquisition, but actually causing acquisition to the NNS. On top of that, the line of research that focuses on interactional structure of conversation, such as foreigner talk was developed in many years by several researchers (e.g., Gass and Varonis, 1985, 1989; Long, 1981, 1983; Pica, 1987, 1988; cited in Gass, 2007:234). The emphasis is on the role which negotiated interaction between NSs and NSSs and between two NNSs plays in the development of L2. According to Gass (2007:234), conversational interaction in a L2 like foreigner talk discourse also forms the foundation for the development of L2 rather than being only a platform for practice of particular language features, more specifically when it comes to the negotiation of meaning. In fact, this claim has been proposed by Michael Long (1996: 451-2) as the Interaction Hypothesis. In the similar situation like which Long (1996: 451-2) has stated, foreigner talk posits interaction between NNSs and NSs, creates a naturalistic Second Language Acquisition environment where the NNSs learn through negotiation of meaning and attention is focussed (Mackey, 1999; cited in Gass, 2007) on gaps in their target language knowledge. Therefore, the acquisition of L2 could be facilitated well because foreigner talk connects input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productive ways (Long, 1996). One of the examples of conversation of foreigner talk is as follow: (3) NS : Theres.. theres a drinking bottle on the table. NNS: A what? NS : Bottle, drinking bottle to drink water? NNS: Boar? NS : You drink water from it, if you are thirsty. Drinking bottle. NNS: Ahh, ahh, bottle to drink, you say drinking bottle! NS : Yes. Throughout the conversation of foreigner talk, the NNS acknowledges the fact that the new word drinking bottle came from the interaction and especially as a consequence of the negotiation work. The Interaction Hypothesis has been proven where it establishes that when a learner or NNS is attempting to negotiate conversation in the target language, the gaps in his/her abilities are revealed to him/herself. Generally, these abilities include pronunciation, syntax, grammar and vocabulary. Subsequently, the Interaction Hypothesis concludes that this self-realisation, brought about by authentic interaction, will encourage the NNS to produce target language output to negotiate meaning and seek out the knowledge they lack. Also, the interaction between the learner who is a NNS and other NNSs or NSs, results in language acquisition on the part of him/herself, meaning he/she has internalised and modified that chunk of language and will be able to produce correct output later when necessary. In the meantime, Interaction Hypothesis reveals that checks are the key to the SLA process (Long, 1983b; cited in Brulhart, 1986). One way the learner realises the gaps in their knowledge is by checking with the person they are having a conversation with during foreigner talk. The simplest of which are known as modification checks. There are several different types of interaction modification checks that take place during a natural conversation which assist the learner advance in the target language. The first one is clarification requests which the learner recognises a word that they are strange with and they ask for clarification. In general, clarification requests are formed by questions but may consist of wh- or yes-no questions, as well as tag questions. For example, â€Å"What did u mean?† After this, the interlocutor (NS) is required either to furnish new information or to recode information previously given. Secondly, it is confirmation check which the learner reacts t o a sentence uttered by the other speaker and uses the L2 to confirm that they understood correctly. They always involve repetition of all part of the interlocutors preceding utterance (Long, 1980: 81-2, cited in Hasan, 2008: 41). The example is as below: (4) NNS : Do you want to come over and study tonight? NS : Sorry, I have to do my landry. NNS : Your..laundry? (comfirmation check) NS : Yeah, my laundry. My clothes dirty. The third modification check is comprehension check (Long, 1980; cited in Hasan, 2008). The learner asks a question to the other person in the conversation to confirm that they understood the meaning of the learners sentences. For instance, â€Å"Do you understand?† In effect, this production of checks could provide the learner with opportunities, builds positive affective feelings of confidence and learning opportunities. Also, conversational breakdown could also be avoided. In conclusion, foreigner talk has meant a focus on the linguistic and discourse structure of the NSs input to the learner (NNS), with a view to eventually determining the influence of that structure on L2 learning. Besides, the modification checks which are carried out during foreigner talk could assure that comprehension of the learners is checked explicitly, and utterances which are unclear are clarified and understood. Therefore, as Foster (1998; cited in Hasan, 2008: 42) claims that checking and clarifying problem utterances (negotiating for meaning) ensures the learners receive comprehensible input and generate comprehensible output, it should be noted that foreigner talk is truly helpful and crucial to SLA.

Comparing and Contrasting Self-Awareness in the Works of Emerson, Whitm

Defining Self-Awareness in the works of Emerson, Whitman and Poe Literature in the American Renaissance influenced the Romantic sentiment that prevailed during this period: the emergence of the individual. This materialization evolved out of the Age of Reason, when the question of using reason (a conscious state) or faith (an unconscious state) as a basis for establishing a set of beliefs divided people into secular and non-secular groups. Reacting to the generally submissive attitudes predominant in America at this time, nineteenth century writers envisioned "the source of religion within consciousness itself" (Chai, 10). This "secularization of religion" ultimately led to the "isolation of the self from others" (Chai, 10), and manifested the persuasive theme in Renaissance literature that promoted independent thinking. The writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman all emanate from this Romantic spirit. "Trust thyself" asserts Emerson, do not remain "clapped in jail by [your] consciousness" (261), be "led [out] in triumph by nature" (542). Merging the individual and nature is a common motif in Romanticism, but these writers had contrasting views on the dynamics of this connection. While Emerson and Whitman were on one end of the Romantic meter proclaiming the potential greatness of the individual, Poe was at the other end questioning human nature. Indeed, the literature these authors produced are relative to the Romantic trend in elevating self-awareness, however their work demonstrates Emerson and Whitman differ with Poe regarding the ascendancy of the conscious and unconscious states of the mind. Emerson and Whitman celebrated the conscious power of the individual, while Poe exposed the hidde... ... "Being Odd, Getting Even." The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Shawn Rosenheim and Stephen Rachman. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1995. 3-36. Chai, Leon. The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance. Ithaka: Cornell University Press, 1987. Coleridge, Samuel. The Portable Coleridge. Ed. I. A. Richards. New York: Penguin Books, 1950. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays and Lectures. Comp. Joel Porte. New York: Literary Classics, 1983. Lauter, Paul, ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. Lauter 1529-37. Waggoner, Hyatt H. American Poets: From the Puritans to the Present. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. Whitman, Walt. Preface to Leaves of Grass. Lauter 2729-43. ---. Song of Myself. Lauter 2743-94. Â   Comparing and Contrasting Self-Awareness in the Works of Emerson, Whitm Defining Self-Awareness in the works of Emerson, Whitman and Poe Literature in the American Renaissance influenced the Romantic sentiment that prevailed during this period: the emergence of the individual. This materialization evolved out of the Age of Reason, when the question of using reason (a conscious state) or faith (an unconscious state) as a basis for establishing a set of beliefs divided people into secular and non-secular groups. Reacting to the generally submissive attitudes predominant in America at this time, nineteenth century writers envisioned "the source of religion within consciousness itself" (Chai, 10). This "secularization of religion" ultimately led to the "isolation of the self from others" (Chai, 10), and manifested the persuasive theme in Renaissance literature that promoted independent thinking. The writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman all emanate from this Romantic spirit. "Trust thyself" asserts Emerson, do not remain "clapped in jail by [your] consciousness" (261), be "led [out] in triumph by nature" (542). Merging the individual and nature is a common motif in Romanticism, but these writers had contrasting views on the dynamics of this connection. While Emerson and Whitman were on one end of the Romantic meter proclaiming the potential greatness of the individual, Poe was at the other end questioning human nature. Indeed, the literature these authors produced are relative to the Romantic trend in elevating self-awareness, however their work demonstrates Emerson and Whitman differ with Poe regarding the ascendancy of the conscious and unconscious states of the mind. Emerson and Whitman celebrated the conscious power of the individual, while Poe exposed the hidde... ... "Being Odd, Getting Even." The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Shawn Rosenheim and Stephen Rachman. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1995. 3-36. Chai, Leon. The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance. Ithaka: Cornell University Press, 1987. Coleridge, Samuel. The Portable Coleridge. Ed. I. A. Richards. New York: Penguin Books, 1950. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays and Lectures. Comp. Joel Porte. New York: Literary Classics, 1983. Lauter, Paul, ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. Lauter 1529-37. Waggoner, Hyatt H. American Poets: From the Puritans to the Present. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. Whitman, Walt. Preface to Leaves of Grass. Lauter 2729-43. ---. Song of Myself. Lauter 2743-94. Â